“Some of the most celebrated results in decision theory address, to some extent, these challenges. They consist in showing what conditions on preferences over “real world options” suffice for the existence of a pair of utility and probability functions relative to which the agent can be represented as maximising expected utility.”
subjective belief is consistent with the reality
individual choices are maximizing the utility given subjective belief
“Herbert Simon introduced the term ‘bounded rationality’ (Simon 1957b: 198; see also Klaes & Sent 2005) as a shorthand for his brief against neoclassical economics and his call to replace the perfect rationality assumptions of homo economicus with a conception of rationality tailored to cognitively limited agents.”
“Formal learning theory is the mathematical embodiment of a normative epistemology. It deals with the question of how an agent should use observations about her environment to arrive at correct and informative conclusions. Philosophers such as Putnam, Glymour and Kelly have developed learning theory as a normative framework for scientific reasoning and inductive inference.”
“A huge part of AI’s growth in applications has been made possible through invention of new algorithms in the subfield of machine learning. Machine learning is concerned with building systems that improve their performance on a task when given examples of ideal performance on the task, or improve their performance with repeated experience on the task.”
“Reinforcement Learning: Here a machine is set loose in an environment where it constantly acts and perceives (similar to the Russell/Hutter view above) and only occasionally receives feedback on its behavior in the form of rewards or punishments. The machine has to learn to behave rationally from this feedback. One use of reinforcement learning has been in building agents to play computer games. The objective here is to build agents that map sensory data from the game at every time instant to an action that would help win in the game or maximize a human player’s enjoyment of the game. In most games, we know how well we are playing only at the end of the game or only at infrequent intervals throughout the game (e.g., a chess game that we feel we are winning could quickly turn against us at the end). The field of Reinforcement Learning tries to tackle this problem through a variety of methods. Though a bit dated, Sutton and Barto (1998) provide a comprehensive introduction to the field.”
The decision environment of the state, action, and reward cycles
The iterative algorithms that reinforce decisions closer to optimal based on the historical observations of trials and errors
AlphaGo - The Movie | Full award-winning documentary
Part III: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
3.1. The Overview
Zhang, Kaiqing, Zhuoran Yang, and Tamer Başar. "Multi-agent reinforcement learning: A selective overview of theories and algorithms." Handbook of Reinforcement Learning and Control (2021): 321-384: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.10635
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Agent Interaction - Stefano Albrecht
3.2. Muti-Agent Reinforcement Learning and (Non-) Cooperative Game Theory.
Prof. Jakob Foerster and Foerster Lab for AI Research at Oxford University:
https://www.jakobfoerster.com/
https://foersterlab.com/
Jakob Foerster Faculty Talk: Agency in the Era of Learning Systems
3.3. Multi-Agent Reinforcement learning and Mechanism Design.
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